Enquanto dispositivo de comunicação, o módulo GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) é amplamente utilizado na Internet das Coisas, nas casas inteligentes e noutros domínios. As suas vantagens e desvantagens afectam diretamente o seu desempenho em aplicações práticas. Vamos analisar em profundidade as vantagens e desvantagens do módulo GSM.
Vantagens do módulo GSM
As a mature communication standard, GSM module has high stability and reliability. Through the GSM module, the device can achieve remote communication and data transmission, providing a reliable connection path for IoT devices. In addition, the GSM module also has good compatibility and can be adapted to a variety of different devices and systems. In practical applications, the access cost of GSM modules is relatively low, making it a communication module for many IoT devices. In addition, the GSM module also supports text messages, voice calls and other functions, providing the device with richer communication methods.
Desvantagens do módulo GSM
1. A taxa de comunicação é relativamente baixa, o que pode tornar-se uma limitação na transmissão de grandes volumes de dados ou em cenários de comunicação em tempo real.
2. A rede GSM pode ter uma cobertura insuficiente em algumas zonas, o que resulta numa qualidade de comunicação instável.
3. O módulo GSM apresenta também alguns perigos ocultos em matéria de segurança dos dados, pelo que a cifragem dos dados e a proteção da segurança devem ser reforçadas nas aplicações práticas.
4. Além disso, devido às limitações da própria rede GSM, o módulo GSM tem certas limitações em termos de distância de transmissão e não pode satisfazer algumas necessidades de comunicação à distância.
The Current State of GSM Networks
In most developed regions, 2G networks are being phased out. Operators are repurposing GSM frequency bands to support LTE-M, NB-IoT, and 5G, enabling more efficient spectrum use and supporting a higher density of IoT devices. Reports from GSMA, Telenor IoT, and Ericsson emphasize that continuing to rely solely on GSM may not be sustainable for new deployments.
However, the phase-out pace varies by region. Some industrial and rural areas maintain GSM coverage longer due to legacy equipment and infrastructure constraints.
Why GSM Modules Are Still Used in Certain Scenarios
Despite being an older technology, GSM modules continue to serve in several niche scenarios:
Legacy Equipment: Utilities, industrial, and security systems often have thousands of GSM devices deployed. Replacing them all at once is costly and operationally risky.
Rural or Developing Regions: LTE-M and NB-IoT coverage may still be limited. GSM modules provide reliable connectivity where newer networks are sparse.
Low Data Requirements: Systems such as alarms, smart meters, or vending machines transmit minimal data, making GSM sufficient for their needs.
Cost and Availability: GSM modules are inexpensive and globally available, which is advantageous for short-term or budget-constrained projects.
Modern IoT Communication Alternatives
To address the limitations of GSM modules, the IoT industry has adopted several modern communication standards:
LTE-M: Offers higher bandwidth, improved security, and better mobility support. Suitable for mobile IoT devices such as wearables, trackers, and connected vehicles.
NB-IoT: Optimized for low-power, deep coverage, and massive sensor deployments. Ideal for fixed devices transmitting small amounts of data.
LTE Cat-1 bis: A medium-bandwidth standard bridging GSM and LTE, providing reliable connectivity, roaming, and longer-term lifecycle support for IoT/M2M devices.
Simplified Comparison
| Technology | Data Rate | Power Efficiency | Coverage | Longevity | Typical Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GSM / 2G | Low | Medium | Medium | Declining | Legacy systems, low-data alarms |
| LTE Cat-1 bis | Medium | Medium | Good | Long-term | Tracking, POS terminals |
| LTE-M | Medium | High | Good (indoor) | Long-term | Mobile IoT, wearables |
| NB-IoT | Low | Very High | Excellent | Very long-term | Smart meters, sensors |
These comparisons are supported by GSMA and Ericsson reports, reflecting both operator strategies and real-world IoT deployments.
Resumo
GSM modules have played an essential role in IoT connectivity, offering affordability, global compatibility, and SMS/voice support. However, network evolution, operator decommissioning, and modern IoT requirements—such as higher data rates, energy efficiency, security, and lifecycle reliability—make GSM modules increasingly unsuitable for new deployments.
For future-proof IoT projects, adopting LTE-M, NB-IoT, or LTE Cat-1 bis ensures better long-term stability and alignment with operator strategies. GSM modules remain relevant for legacy equipment, cost-sensitive projects, or regions where modern network coverage is limited, but planning for migration is crucial.
References / Further Reading:
Telenor IoT, 2G/3G Sunset Strategy Guide, 2024.
GSMA, Ensuring SMS Continuity for IoT After 2G/3G Shutdown, 2025.
GSMA, I have a product currently using 2G data. What would be the benefit in using LTE-M or NB-IoT?, 2020.
Ericsson, IoT Connectivity Overview, 2023.